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Another is that states are mathematical terms prescribing probability aspects of future events, relating to an ensemble of systems, in various situations. One is statistical balance in the collective response of an ensemble of identically prepared systems, to differing measurement types. The review highlights core characteristics of quantum mechanics. To enhance clarity, the main findings are presented in the form of a coherent synthesis of the reviewed sources. This review, of the understanding of quantum mechanics, is broad in scope, and aims to reflect enough of the literature to be representative of the current state of the subject. Ultimately, environmental pathology should be interested in improving the well-being of individuals and the population, and ideally the health of the entire ecosystem/biosphere and should not focus merely on single diseases, diseased organs/tissues, cells and/or molecules. Environmental pathology, as a multidisciplinary discipline, should grant privilege to an integrated, possibly systemic approach, prone to manage the complex and chaotic aspects characterizing living organisms. Given the complex and chaotic behaviour of living systems, this approach is extremely limited in terms of obtainable information and may lead to misinterpretation. Biomedical disciplines traditionally approach living organisms by dissecting them ideally down to the molecular level in order to gain information about possible molecule to molecule interactions, to derive their macroscopic behaviour. Herein, complexity, chaos and thermodynamics are introduced with specific regard to biomedical sciences, then their interconnections and implications in environmental pathology are discussed, with particular regard to a morphopathological, image analysis-based approach to biological interfaces. Though complexity science and chaos theory have become a common scientific divulgation theme, medical disciplines, and pathology in particular, still rely on a deterministic, reductionistic approach and still hesitate to fully appreciate the intrinsic complexity of living beings. However, as it also presents notions that are not generally well-known, or well-understood, among professional physicists, its reading may also be beneficial to them. The text has been written having in mind one of the objectives of the Center Leo Apostel for Interdisciplinary Studies (CLEA): that of a broad dissemination of scientific knowledge. This didactical text requires no particular technical knowledge to be read and understood, although the reader will have to do her/his part, as conceptually speaking the discussion can become at times a little subtle. This is an article written in a popular science style, in which I will explain: (1) the famous Heisenberg uncertainty principle, expressing the experimental incompatibility of certain properties of micro-physical entities (2) the Compton effect, describing the interaction of an electromagnetic wave with a particle (3) the reasons of Bohr's complementarity principle, which will be understood as a principle of incompatibility (4) the Einstein, Podolski and Rosen reality (or existence) criterion, and its subsequent revisitation by Piron and Aerts (4) the mysterious non-spatiality of the quantum entities of a microscopic nature, usually referred to as non-locality. Quantum and classical/relativistic observations. Non-spatiality and emphasize some of the differences and similarities between Three aspects: (1) product observations, (2) pure creation aspects and (3)Įphemeral relational properties. Our analysis allows us to propose a general conceptualĬharacterization of quantum measurements, as observational processes involving (ephemeral) properties between the observer and observed entities also, theyĬan be about intermediate properties, neither purely classical, nor purely Intrinsic (stable) properties of the observed entity, or about relational We also show that observations can be about Outcomes can only be predicted in probabilistic terms, as it is the case in This is what isĬalled a product test, or product observation, whose consequences are that Ones, as explained in Aerts' hidden measurement approach. In the latter case, the observation canīe described by a symmetry breaking mechanism, through which a specificĭeterministic observational process is selected among a number of potential An entity can also be observed with or without a fullĬontrol over the observational process.
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In the secondĬase, the observation is a purely non-invasive discovery process in the firstĬase, it is a purely invasive process, which can involve either creation orĭestruction aspects. An entity can be observed with or without a scope. Physics, we provide a clarification and classification of the key concept of
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Founding our analysis on the Geneva-Brussels approach to the foundations of